Abstract

Since transients can happen in just few tens of microseconds and the overvoltages can be multiple times the corresponding ratings, small time‐steps are required for the electro‐magnetic transient (EMT) simulation to accurately capture the transient behavior. The selection of time‐stepping scheme is related to the nonlinear element solution method, which provides certain variables for the time‐step control algorithm. The adaptive time‐stepping (ATS) process is determined by the properly selected discretization method and time‐step control scheme, and based on which of the specific equipment models are involved in the EMT simulation. Transmission lines and rotating machines that widely exist in power systems should be accurately modeled in real‐time EMT simulation for obtaining precise results for HIL applications. An ATS universal line model and universal machine model are presented for accurate EMT simulation of power systems in real‐time and faster‐than‐real‐time mode.

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