Adaptive Mechanism for Discovering Internet Gateways in Wireless Networks Using Swarm Intelligence

Kassem Mohammed Mostafa,Mohamed N El-Derini,Saad M Darwish

doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068527

Kassem Mohammed Mostafa, Mohamed N El-Derini + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068527

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Abstract

One of the most critical and challenging processes is the provision of internet connectivity for nodes in Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) or mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). A wide variety of “business and non-commercial” applications are implemented in MANET, most of them gaining Internet resources. Gateway (GW) or Mesh GWs are the key components of MANET's Internet connectivity, and multiple GWs are implemented to improve MANET's capabilities. Many of the current routing protocols are implemented and improved to work with MANET, either using traditional routing approaches or tree-based network approaches. But since MANET is a complex and transient network, it is very necessary to explore new or tack the GWs failure that adds more overhead on the network. Thus, in this paper a hybrid protocol inspired by the swarm intelligence technique that follows the non-root GWs discovery approach using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is suggested. The experimental results validate the processes of exploring new GWs, testing and maintaining existing paths to GWs, exploring different paths to existing GWs and detecting any connection failure in any route, and attempting to fix that failure.

Highlights

mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) is a group of wireless nodes that are dynamically self-organized and self-configured, creating a temporary network arranged in an ad-hoc manner without any fixed infrastructure services
We implemented AntHocNet protocol and compared our approach with it because AntHocNet is the closest routing protocol to our approach as it is a hybrid protocol, Multi-path Multi-GWs, and built-in Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)
Equations used for implementing all methods used in comparisons that include Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP), and AntHocNet are discussed briefly in [29]–[32]

Summary

INTRODUCTION

MANET is a group of wireless nodes that are dynamically self-organized and self-configured, creating a temporary network arranged in an ad-hoc manner without any fixed infrastructure services. The proactive protocols or table-driven routing protocols where a routing table is generated and maintained by each node contains the route path(s) for each node of the network and updated periodically by sharing it with its neighbors These protocols allow a rapidly formed connection with a slight delay from the source to the destination, but involve a large network overhead and require more resources and a propensity to create loops within the network. The main issue of this tree-based technique is it uses a lot of broadcasting in the process of exploring GWs or constructing new paths This volume of broadcast in a low bandwidth and capacity network such as the MANET case a lot of issues in network throughput, packets lost, and protocol overhead [11]. This version of the paper provides a more comprehensive and systematic report of the previous work

RELATED WORKS

THE PROACTIVE PHASE

ID is the set of the NNID of all GWs’

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK