Abstract
The goal of this paper is to introduce an adaptive load frequency control (LFC) technique for power systems. The concept of the proposed adaptive technique is built on the on-line tuning of the gain of an integral controller using Electro-Search optimization (ESO) supported by a modification called the `balloon effect'. The main target is to regulate the frequency of isolated and interconnected power systems. The balloon effect is designed to obtain the input/output signals of the power system plant at any moment; then, these signals are utilized to calculate the value of the open loop transfer function of the plant at the same time. This will emphatically affect the specified objective function of the ESO approach and increase its sensitivity to and effect on system difficulties such as system step load changes, parameter uncertainties and the effect of the penetrations resulting from renewable sources. Delayed time resulting from the communication process between the area and control center is considered in the dynamic model of interconnected MGs, and nonlinearities, such as governor dead bands (GDBs) and generation rate constraints (GRCs), are included in the simulation model. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and success of the proposed controller tuned by the ESO approach with a balloon effect and provide better performance of frequency regulation than a fixed controller, as well as other methods such as standard Jaya and ESO methods.
Highlights
The entrance of micro grids (MGs) into power systems results from challenges, such as growing reliability, environmental issues and increasing demands for energy in power systems [1]
Where Dk is the relocation distance in current iteration k, Nk is the current position for the nuclei, Nbest is the best nuclei position, each nuclei are considered the best electron (Ebest) is the best electron around the nuclei, Nnew,k is the new position for the nuclei, Ack is the accelerator coefficient, and Rek is the Rydberg’s energy constant coefficient
The proposed (ESO+balloon effect (BE)) algorithm is applied to tune the load frequency controller of a small single-area power system
Summary
The entrance of micro grids (MGs) into power systems results from challenges, such as growing reliability, environmental issues and increasing demands for energy in power systems [1]. In [30], the Jaya optimization method was applied to enable the on-line tuning of the LFC controller, and the objective function was a function of settling time, overshoot, and oscillation damping improvement This technique depended on only the frequency deviation as a feedback signal, which made the Jaya objective function solely as a suggested controller gain value. The controlling of the algorithm specific parameters in each iteration is not as easy as it seems due to a waste of time, and this whole process does not belong to the proposed approach, unlike other approaches, such as Jaya that introduced by Rao R. in [35] It is appropriate for discrete optimization issues and capable of resolving the unconstraint and constraint problems.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
