Abstract
Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) are practical tools for ocean observation. However, they tend to operate in an automatic rather than autonomous way. This reflects the attitudes and behaviors that individuals and organizations share when adopting new technology in this industry. This paper clarifies the factors that are preventing one important aspect of autonomy—adaptive mission planning (AMP)—from transitioning from research to commercial and bespoke AUVs. A total of 25 experts comprising AUV developers and users, with combined 237 years of experience, provided their views in a structured survey covering several different hypotheses. There is insufficient evidence to determine clearly a single reason for failure to adopt AMPs, but a primary cause is the paucity of demonstration trials. This view is irrespective of participants' years of experience. Managers, engineers, and technologists agree on the two most likely causes for failure to adopt AMPs. However, the differences between the assessments provided by researchers and these three professional groups are statistically significant, with p value <0.005. For researchers, complexity is one of the two most important inhibitory factors. We present recommendations to support the integration of AMP into AUVs substantiated by recent examples where government, industry, and researchers have developed and tested AMPs.
Highlights
I N THE 1990s, research centers started the development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for sea bottomManuscript received January 13, 2017; revised December 21, 2017; accepted January 21, 2018
The adaptive Observe Orient Decide Act (OODA) machine proposed by Boyd [12] was adopted by Patron et al to define a fault-tolerant adaptive AUV mission planning system [13]
This review shows that there have been a variety of approaches to adaptive sampling using AUVs by several research groups, in a variety of situations, with most being considered successful proofs of concept resulting in journal publications
Summary
I N THE 1990s, research centers started the development of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) for sea bottom. Date of publication March 16, 2018; date of current version January 17, 2019 Review or this manuscript was arranged by Department Editor P. These organizations have demonstrated the benefits of using AUVs to gather data and conduct tasks that could not have been done in any other way [2]–[5]. Our review shows that while several solutions for adaptive mission planning (AMP) have been proposed [8], AMP technology for AUVs is yet to be adopted by the wider oceanography community.
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