Adaptive and Non-adaptive PVD Steganography Using Overlapped Pixel Blocks

Abstract

There are two categories of steganography techniques using pixel value differencing (PVD), (1) adaptive range table PVD and (2) non-adaptive range table PVD. In adaptive PVD the quantization ranges are different for different pixels, but in non-adaptive PVD the range table is fixed for all the pixels. This paper proposes two PVD techniques with 1 $$\times $$ 2 pixel blocks in overlapped fashion. The first technique uses adaptive quantization range table and modular arithmetic for embedding and extraction. The second technique uses fixed quantization range table and addition/difference mechanism for embedding and extraction. The experimental results reveal that the proposed adaptive PVD technique possesses higher embedding capacity and PSNR as compared to the existing adaptive PVD techniques and the proposed non-adaptive PVD technique possesses higher embedding capacity as compared to the existing non-adaptive PVD techniques. Furthermore, it is also experimentally verified that the proposed techniques resist from RS analysis and pixel difference histogram (PDH) analysis.