Adapting cognitive behavioural therapy for depression in later life for Irish Travellers: a case example and considerations for practice

Abstract

Abstract Gypsies and Travellers are at significantly increased risk of poor physical and mental health compared with the general population. Barriers to accessing mental health services include fear of stigma and discrimination from services, difficulties with signing up to services due to poor educational levels, and the taboo nature of mental health difficulties within the community. To the authors’ knowledge, no research has identified best practice for adapting psychological therapy to meet the needs of this community. This paper presents the case of John (pseudonym), an 80-year-old Irish Traveller, whose respiratory team referred him for psychological intervention for depression and anxiety symptoms. The psychology service was embedded within the respiratory team which enabled easy access to therapy services via an already trusted service. He received 10 sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy for depression, adapted to his age, physical health, and cultural background. His low mood was maintained by withdrawal from activities, rumination of losses, lack of confidence and avoidance of help-seeking. Treatment consisted of culturally adapted psychoeducation, behavioural activation, cognitive restructuring, and behavioural experiments to increase his activity, mood and confidence. The Patient Health Questionnaire and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale demonstrated improvements in both depressive and anxious symptoms at the end of therapy. The paper presents an overview of relevant literature before describing John’s case, formulation, culturally adapted intervention techniques and outcomes. Considerations to support best practice for clinicians working with Irish Travellers are made. Key learning aims (1) Integrating psychological services into physical health services has the potential to improve access to psychological support for minority groups facing multi-morbidity, such as Irish Travellers. This approach offers a less stigmatised route for individuals to receive help and involves fewer administrative processes, which may pose challenges for those with varying levels of literacy ability. (2) This case example presents initial evidence that short-term transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy can be an effective intervention for reducing depression and anxiety symptoms in older people from an Irish Traveller background. (3) Successful outcomes in this case example hinged on: (a) A comprehensive formulation that considered the client’s full identity (e.g. cultural identity, intergenerational connections, cohort beliefs, physical health needs) in addition to their presenting problem. (b) Adapting the intervention to accommodate for culturally relevant aspects of the individual’s presentation. This involved modifying homework to reduce the literacy requirements, involving a trusted family member as a co-therapist, and integrating culturally relevant language into the therapy. (4) This case report underscores the scarcity of rigorous research involving Irish Traveller populations and emphasises the need for further exploration of their experiences of mental health difficulties and engagement with mental health services. Further research should actively involve Irish Travellers to identify unmet needs and explore potential adaptations for therapeutic interventions. This would help to ensure accurate representation and prevent the homogenisation of this diverse group of individuals.