Abstract
Oxygen is considered one of the main factors affecting probiotic bacteria survival due to the induction of oxidative damages caused by the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been shown that oxidative stress resistance in lactic acid bacteria is strongly dependent on the type of cell metabolism. Shift from fermentative to respiratory metabolism (through the addition of heme and menaquinone and in presence of oxygen) was associated to increase in biomass, long-term survival, and production of antioxidant enzymes. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of aerobic (presence of oxygen) and respiratory (presence of oxygen, heme, and menaquinone) cultivation on the growth kinetic, catalase production, oxygen uptake, and oxidative stress response of Lactobacillus johnsonii/gasseri strains previously isolated from infant feces. Seven strains showed to consume oxygen under aerobic and respiratory conditions. The strain AL5 showed a catalase activity in both growth conditions, while AL3 showed this activity only in respiratory condition. Respiratory condition improved their tolerance to oxidative compounds (hydrogen peroxide and ROS generators) and further they showed promising probiotic features. The exploration of respiratory competent phenotypes with probiotic features may be extremely useful for the development of competitive starter or probiotic cultures.
Highlights
The greatest challenge of the probiotic bacteria is enduring stresses encountered during food processing and gastrointestinal transit (Mills et al, 2011)
While respiration metabolism and oxidative stress response have been extensively studied in Lactococcus lactis (Zotta et al, 2014; Ianniello et al, 2015) and Lactobacillus casei (Miyoshi et al, 2003; Zotta et al, 2014; Ianniello et al, 2015) and Lactobacillus plantarum groups (Watanabe et al, 2012; Zotta et al, 2012, 2013; Guidone et al, 2013) limited data are available for the strains of Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus gasseri
This study investigated the adaptive response of promising probiotic L. johnsonii/gasseri strains to switch from fermentative to aerobic and respiratory metabolism and the effect of this metabolic pathway on oxidative stress response
Summary
The greatest challenge of the probiotic bacteria is enduring stresses encountered during food processing and gastrointestinal transit (Mills et al, 2011). Several authors have demonstrated that oxidative stress resistance in some LAB species is dependent on the type of metabolism and that the shift from fermentative toward respiratory metabolisms may increase their growth, long-term survival and stress tolerance (Gaudu et al, 2002; Rezaiki et al, 2004; Pedersen et al, 2012; Guidone et al, 2013; Ianniello et al, 2015) These effects are likely associated to the activation of the electron transport chain by growing cells in presence of oxygen, heme, and menaquinone (vitamin K2). Tolerance of oxidative stress and other functional features [i.e., survival to simulated oral-gastrointestinal transit (OGIT) and antimicrobial activity] were evaluated in order to select new promising probiotic strains
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