Abstract
Temperature is one of the decisive environmental factors that is projected to increase by 1. 5°C over the next two decades due to climate change that may affect various agronomic characteristics, such as biomass production, phenology and physiology, and yield-contributing traits in oilseed crops. Oilseed crops such as soybean, sunflower, canola, peanut, cottonseed, coconut, palm oil, sesame, safflower, olive etc., are widely grown. Specific importance is the vulnerability of oil synthesis in these crops against the rise in climatic temperature, threatening the stability of yield and quality. The natural defense system in these crops cannot withstand the harmful impacts of heat stress, thus causing a considerable loss in seed and oil yield. Therefore, a proper understanding of underlying mechanisms of genotype-environment interactions that could affect oil synthesis pathways is a prime requirement in developing stable cultivars. Heat stress tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is challenging to study and characterize. However, heat tolerance studies to date have pointed to several sophisticated mechanisms to deal with the stress of high temperatures, including hormonal signaling pathways for sensing heat stimuli and acquiring tolerance to heat stress, maintaining membrane integrity, production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS), assembly of antioxidants, accumulation of compatible solutes, modified gene expression to enable changes, intelligent agricultural technologies, and several other agronomic techniques for thriving and surviving. Manipulation of multiple genes responsible for thermo-tolerance and exploring their high expressions greatly impacts their potential application using CRISPR/Cas genome editing and OMICS technology. This review highlights the latest outcomes on the response and tolerance to heat stress at the cellular, organelle, and whole plant levels describing numerous approaches applied to enhance thermos-tolerance in oilseed crops. We are attempting to critically analyze the scattered existing approaches to temperature tolerance used in oilseeds as a whole, work toward extending studies into the field, and provide researchers and related parties with useful information to streamline their breeding programs so that they can seek new avenues and develop guidelines that will greatly enhance ongoing efforts to establish heat stress tolerance in oilseeds.
Highlights
Oilseeds are ranked fourth in important food commodities after cereals, vegetables and melons, and fruits and nuts, and they occupy about 213 Mha of the world’s arable land (OECDFAO, 2020)
We provide an overview of CRISPR/Cas GE technology in genome editing in oilseed crops, including primary editing (PE), base editing (BE), tissue-specific editing (CRISPR-TSKO), epigenome editing, and inducible genome editing (CRISPR-IGE), which can help to obtain resistant varieties that can tolerate the deleterious effects of high-temperature stress (Chennakesavulu et al, 2021) and has three dimensions, including adoption, crRNA biogenesis, and interference (Gasiunas et al, 2012; Jinek et al, 2012)
Under a climate change scenario, there is a high probability that the temperature will exceed the threshold for oilseeds
Summary
Oilseeds are ranked fourth in important food commodities after cereals, vegetables and melons, and fruits and nuts, and they occupy about 213 Mha of the world’s arable land (OECDFAO, 2020). The temperature fluctuations have made it imperative to develop climate-resilient varieties that display better adaptability for growth under varied environmental conditions (Bhat et al, 2021) Achieving this objective will be complicated by the fact that the performance of oilseeds may be hampered by environmental impacts related to climate change and the associated increase in pests and diseases, which are likely to become more challenging in the near future (Jaradat, 2016; Rahman et al, 2019). Eighteen CAMTAs have been identified in B. napus, the maximum of any plant species reported to date (Rahman et al, 2016) Diversified expression of these BnaCaM/CML genes indicated significant roles in different tissues in response to stress conditions, including heat stress. There are multiple calcium-dependent protein kinase essentials to react to specific stress stimuli under
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