Abstract
Bacteria can colonize virtually any environment on Earth due to their remarkable capacity to detect and respond quickly and adequately to environmental stressors. Vibrio cholerae is a cosmopolitan bacterium that inhabits a vast range of environments. The V. cholerae life cycle comprises diverse environmental and infective stages. The bacterium is found in aquatic ecosystems both under free-living conditions or associated with a wide range of aquatic organisms, and some strains are also capable of causing epidemics in humans. In order to adapt between environments, V. cholerae possesses a versatile metabolism characterized by the rapid cross-regulation of energy-producing pathways. Low oxygen concentration is a key environmental factor that governs V. cholerae physiology. This article reviews the metabolic plasticity that enables V. cholerae to thrive on low oxygen concentrations and its role in environmental and host adaptation.
Highlights
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium that inhabits estuaries, rivers, and other aquatic environments (Reen et al, 2006) and can cause Cholera disease via contaminated water or food
Since nitrite accumulation is widespread among nitrate reducing bacterial species (Almeida et al, 1995; Bueno et al, 2008; Bergaust et al, 2010; Rowley et al, 2012), these results suggested an unprecedented role for nitrite in bacterial persistence
Human infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens remain a global concern for public health care systems which result in millions of deaths per year worldwide
Summary
Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacterium that inhabits estuaries, rivers, and other aquatic environments (Reen et al, 2006) and can cause Cholera disease via contaminated water or food. In the total absence of oxygen as electron acceptor, V. cholerae can grow by respiring (i.e., reducing) a variety of organic and inorganic alternative electron acceptors (AEA), including fumarate, nitrate (NO3−) (Bueno et al, 2018), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (Braun and Thöny-Meyer, 2005; Lee et al, 2012).
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