Abstract
Altogether 24 (12 control and 12 treated) growing (initial bodyweight: 50.4 ± 20.1 g) common carps (Cyprinus carpio L.) were subjected to a regular training protocol for 35 days, with daily 30 min strenuous exercise bouts aiming to describe blood serum clinicochemical alterations. Samples were taken 4 times (0 as control and 3 time points during training, every 9th day) from all fi sh. In the nitrogenous serum compounds the training protocol increased albumin and oxidized glutathione concentration at time point 3, while neither total protein, nor creatinine reacted to swimming. From the lipid metabolites triacylglycerol provided higher values at time point 3. Total and HDL cholesterol concentrations were unaltered, meanwhile the HDL percentage in the total cholesterol fraction provided an age-associated increase and a signifi cantly lower fi nal value in the trained group. Within enzymes aspartate and Alanine Aminotransferase (AST and ALT) provided markedly higher activity values at time point 3. Gamma-GT, pseudo cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) showed no signifi cant changes induced by regular swimming. In the serum ions training exerted temporary hypokalemic and hypocalcemic effect (time point 2), while sodium, inorganic phosphate and magnesium were unaffected by exercise. Both groups showed an age-associated increase in the serum sodium concentrations. It was assumed that even longer term regular submaximal, but exhaustive exercise exerts only mild effect on the substrate metabolism of carp, a slowly swimming (with burst-like movements) benthic feeder.
Highlights
The number of fish species exceeds 32400 [1] and most of them swim by undulations of the whole body [2]
The blood lipid metabolism of fish differs from the homoeothermic vertebrates, as non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) oxidation is not stimulated by exercise in some marine fish, e.g. rainbow trout [7], due to the lack of glycerokinase activity, which is not true for freshwater species [8]
Within the nitrogenous serum compounds the training protocol led to a significant increase of the albumin concentration at time point 3, while neither total protein, nor creatinine did not indicate the effect of regular swimming
Summary
The number of fish species exceeds 32400 [1] and most of them swim by undulations of the whole body [2]. The prolonged onset of exercise (mostly characteristic for marine or migratory species) leads to the complete oxidation of carbohydrates, and later to that of fats and amino acids to fuel ATP replenishment within the muscle cell. Authors found that trouts do not mobilize triacylglycerol stores to exceed the resting blood plasma niveau to fuel working muscles (via NEFA), even during 4 days of continuous swimming. This was partly explained by the very intensive in situ NEFA re-esterification
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