Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the drivers of the adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices and the impact of their adoption on farm net returns and exposure to risks. We use recent farm-level data from three agroecological zones of Pakistan to estimate a multinomial endogenous switching regression for different CSA practices used to reduce the adverse impact of climate change. These strategies include changing input mix, changing cropping calendar, diversifying seed variety, and soil and water conservation measures. The empirical results show that the adoption of different CSA practices is influenced by average rainfall, previous experience of climate-related shocks, and access to climate change information. The findings further reveal that adoption of CSA practices positively and significantly improves farm net returns and reduces farmers’ exposure to downside risks and crop failure. The results also reveal significant differences in the impacts of CSA practice adoption on farm net returns in different agroecological zones. Thus, policies aimed at achieving sustainability in agricultural production should consider agroecological, specific, climate-smart solutions.
Highlights
Severe climate change is making the global weather uncertain and is having a devastating effect on agriculture [1,2,3]
We employ a multinomial endogenous switching regression (MESR) model to account for selection bias in a multiple-choice context
This paper examined the drivers of adoption of different climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices, and the impact of the adoption of these practices on farm net returns and farmers’ exposure to production risk
Summary
Severe climate change is making the global weather uncertain and is having a devastating effect on agriculture [1,2,3]. Decreases in snowfall, rising sea levels, unpredicted changes in precipitation, and greenhouse gas emissions are causing extreme weather and climatic events [4]. Climate change and extreme weather events are major threats to agriculture around the world, especially in South Asian countries. Climate variability induces challenges to achieving food security, poverty reduction, and rural development in these countries due to the vagaries of weather [6,7] and other natural disasters such as extreme temperatures, extremely erratic rainfall, floods and droughts, dust cyclones, pest infestation, and crop diseases coupled with low adoption rates of new technologies [8]. Variations in climate have a significant impact on water resources, agriculture production, food supply, farmers’
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