Adaptation and constraint shape the evolution of growth patterns in passerine birds across the globe

Beata Matysioková,Jakub Vrána,Vladimír Remeš

doi:10.1186/s12983-020-00377-7

Beata Matysioková, Jakub Vrána + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-020-00377-7

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Abstract

BackgroundGrowth trajectories should be adapted to selective factors of each species’ environment. However, major shaping forces of growth and development are unclear, especially when studying several traits at once. Birds provide an ideal opportunity to analyze growth patterns across species due to there being enough available data. We tested the relative importance of nest predation risk, the number of care-givers, nest height, foraging substrate, clutch size, and latitude on growth patterns of passerine birds (Passeriformes) using phylogenetic comparative methods. Specifically, we studied the evolution of fledging time, average and peak growth rates, and relative development at fledging of body mass and tarsus, wing, and tail length.ResultsUsing a comprehensive literature search and data quality control, we obtained data on growth in 231 species based on 295 populations. Species with long development in the nest grew slowly and had well-developed traits at fledging. Species breeding under high nest predation risk, building their nests close to the ground, and those living in northern temperate regions fledged early and grew fast, sometimes fledging with less developed body mass and traits critical for locomotion (tarsus, wing, and tail). On the other hand, the number of caring adults, clutch size, and species’ foraging substrate had very limited predictive value for growth patterns across passerine species.ConclusionsShortening of the nestling period was a primary means of accelerating development (in relation to nest predation, nest height, and latitude), sometimes supplemented by higher peak growth rates of body mass, tarsus, and wing (especially in relation to latitude). Overall growth patterns of passerines were adaptively tuned to nest predation risk and nest height, with northern temperate species having especially short nestling periods and fast growth rates of body mass, tarsus, and wing.

Highlights

Growth trajectories should be adapted to selective factors of each species’ environment
Species with long nestling periods had well-developed traits at fledging (Fig. 1 and S12 in Additional File 2). This relationship was not driven by large species having both long nestling periods and well-developed traits at fledging, because it was the same, or even more apparent, when fledging age was corrected for adult body mass (Fig. S13 in Additional File 2, Table S4 in Additional File 1)
Species with long nestling periods had slow peak growth rates of all traits (Figs. 1, S14 and S15 in Additional File 2) and this was true for peak growth rates and fledging age adjusted for allometric relationships with adult trait values

Summary

Introduction

Growth trajectories should be adapted to selective factors of each species’ environment. Major shaping forces of growth and development are unclear, especially when studying several traits at once. Birds provide an ideal opportunity to analyze growth patterns across species due to there being enough available data. We tested the relative importance of nest predation risk, the number of care-givers, nest height, foraging substrate, clutch size, and latitude on growth patterns of passerine birds (Passeriformes) using phylogenetic comparative methods. Growth and developmental patterns might carry-over to adulthood affecting adult structure and performance, for example in frogs [7] and birds [8]. Patterns of growth and development might be themselves adaptive in a given set of environmental conditions [9], and adaptations in terms of plastic responses within species have been investigated extensively [10].

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