Acyloxymethyl as a drug protecting group. Part 7: Tertiary sulfonamidomethyl ester prodrugs of benzylpenicillin: chemical hydrolysis and anti-bacterial activity

Abstract

Tertiary sulfonamidomethyl esters of benzylpenicillin (4) were synthesised and evaluated as a new class of potential prodrugs for β-lactam antibiotics. Their hydrolysis in aqueous buffers was studied by HPLC and reveal a U-shaped pH–rate profile with a pH-independent process extending from ca. pH 2 to ca. pH 10. This pathway is characterised by kinetic data that are consistent with a unimolecular mechanism involving rate-limiting iminium ion formation and penicillinoate expulsion. Benzylpenicillin and the corresponding sulfonamide are the ultimate products detected and isolated, indicating that β-lactam ring opening is much slower than ester hydrolysis. As expected from the high reactivity, benzylpenicillin esters (4) displayed similar in vitro antibacterial activity to benzylpenicillin itself. Compared to the benzylpenicillin derivatives, sulfonamidomethyl esters of benzoic, clofibric and valproic acids display a much higher stability, giving rise to a Brønsted βlg value of −0.96 and suggesting that tertiary sulfonamidomethyl esters may be useful prodrugs for carboxylic acid drugs with pKa>4.