Abstract
Introduction: Pesticide poisoning is a serious public health concern all over the world. Alternative therapies for organophosphorus poisoning are being explored, and this could be very useful especially in emergency situations of antidote shortages. This study therefore set out to determine the effects of chlorpheniramine on the kidney and liver function in dichlorvos poisoning. Methodology: Chlorpheniramine (2mg/kg, 4mg/kg, and 8mg/kg), atropine (0.4mg/kg, 0.8mg/kg, and 1.6mg/kg) and dichlorvos (4mg/kg) were all administered intraperitoneally. Administration was done for 14 days, after which the animals were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia and blood samples collected for liver and kidney function tests. Results: Chlorpheniramine and atropine offer some protective effects as they both reduced the raised values of the renal enzymes towards that of the control following dichlorvos poisoning. Chlorpheniramine and atropine counteracted the effect of dichorvos on Na+, K+, Cl- and HC03-, by reducing the values closer to the normal range. However, the combination group significantly (p<0.05) reduced the values and gave normal values of 147mmol/L (Na+), 4.3mmol/L (K+), 127mmol/L (Cl-) and 18.3mmol/L (HC03- respectively) when compared with the control. Chlorpheniramine raised the value closer to the normal range and gave a value of 4.82g/dl, though this increase was not statistically significant. Atropine gave a value of 5.0g/dl which is within the normal range. The combination group (Atropine + Chlorpheniramine) gave a value of 5.6g/dl which is within the normal range and the difference was statistically significant when compared to the negative control (p<0.05). Chlorpheniramine reduced the elevation observed in the liver enzymes caused by dichlorvos poisoning (149.3U/L, 34.33U/L and 142.3U/L respectively). Conclusion: This study concludes that chlorpheniramine has protective property on the liver and kidney against dichlorvos toxicity.
Highlights
Pesticide poisoning is a serious public health concern all over the world
Chlorpheniramine and atropine counteracted the effect of dichorvos on Na+, K+, Cl- and HC03, by reducing the values closer to the normal range
The combination group (Atropine + Chlorpheniramine) gave a value of 5.6g/dl which is within the normal range and the difference was statistically significant when compared to the negative control (p
Summary
Pesticide poisoning is a serious public health concern all over the world. Alternative therapies for organophosphorus poisoning are being explored, and this could be very useful especially in emergency situations of antidote shortages. Oxygen is given and intravenous fluids are administered while monitoring for the risk of development of pulmonary oedema (Tibbut, 2011).The standard drugs for management of OP poisoning include: Atropine, which blocks the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine. Oximes such as pralidoxime chloride are beneficial when given shortly after exposure to organophosphorus compounds, they act by reactivating cholinesterase. Histamine is a biogenic monoamine which is secreted from mast cells. When mast cells are activated, they undergo an anaphylactic or piecemeal degranulation dependent or independent mediator secretion, resulting in fast or slow release of soluble mediators e.g. histamine, chemokines, serine proteinases and growth factors. A number of studies have shown its role in OP poisoning where inflammation is a major cause of death and disability. A number of studies have shown its role in OP poisoning where inflammation is a major cause of death and disability. (Shreesh et al, 2014)
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