Acute toxicity of petroleum asphalt seal coat leachates to Ceriodaphnia dubia is linked to polymer preservatives

Abstract

Low-VOC waterborne asphalt-emulsion (AE) seal coat is considered more sustainable than solvent-based coal-tar emulsion seal coat because asphalt emulsions contain negligible amounts of carcinogenic PAHs and release fewer harmful volatile organic compounds. Yet, many low-VOC coatings leach water-soluble substances under outdoor conditions. To investigate the chemical composition of seal coat leachates, three AE formulations were cured under natural weathering conditions and exposed to simulated runoff over a 10-day field trial. Runoff was collected and concentrated using ion-exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Leached compounds included hydrocarbons, esters, amines, siloxanes, plasticizers, biocides, polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers, urethanes, and toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Glycol ethers comprised 29–97 % of the measured leachate mass. Two seal coat formulations contained isothiazolinone biocides, methylchloro- and methylisothiazolinone (CMIT/MIT; 0.5 mg/L in runoff), while a third seal coat formulation continuously leached TDI, a reactive polyurethane (PU) precursor (0.7 mg/L in runoff). Biocide-containing leachates showed acute toxicity to the freshwater water flea, Ceriodaphnia dubia after 48 h, while TDI-containing leachate showed no acute toxicity, suggesting that leachate toxicity was due to in-can polymer preservatives. As biocides are implicated in impaired reproductive signaling, these results support the use of alkaline pH to avoid biofouling and reinforce the goal of reducing and/or avoiding the use of biocides altogether, especially for environmentally friendly products.