Acute toxicity and long-term safety evaluation of the crude extract from rhizomes of Limonium brasiliense in mice and rats

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLimonium brasiliense (Boiss.) Kuntze, Plumbaginaceae, popularly known as baicuru, has been used in folk medicine to treat menstrual cramps and to regulate menstrual periods. However, little is known about its safety. This study evaluated the safety through in vivo tests of the acute, long-term, and liver toxicity, and the mutagenicity of the crude extract (CE) from rhizomes of L. brasiliense. Materials and methodsThe acute toxicity was assessed in Swiss mice, and the chronic toxicity in Wistar rats. Male and female mice received the CE orally in single doses of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0g/kg. Clinical changes and mortality rate were used as parameters to assess the acute toxicity. In the long-term evaluation, male and female Wistar rats were treated orally with daily doses of the CE (50, 100, or 200mg/kg) for 90 days. Assessments of weight, behavior and food intake, urinalysis, biochemical and hematological analyses, as well as macro- and microscopic observations of several organs were performed. The redox state of the liver was evaluated as a means of investigating the liver toxicity, and the micronucleus test to assess mutagenicity was also performed. ResultsEvaluation of acute toxicity indicated no apparent clinical change in the animals; the LD50 was 4.8g/kg. Evaluation after 90 days administration showed that the CE, even in higher doses than are considered therapeutic, appeared to be safe. The micronucleus test demonstrated a low mutagenic potential for the CE. ConclusionOur results showed that treatment with the CE from L. brasiliense caused low or no toxicity, as assessed using these doses and evaluation methods.