Acute pericardial effusion following atrial fibrillation ablation: Characteristics and relationship with arrhythmia recurrences

Abstract

Pericardial effusion (PE) can occur during or after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, and may induce atrial arrhythmia. To characterize the impact of PE on arrhythmia recurrences following AF ablation. Patients referred for a first radiofrequency AF ablation were studied prospectively. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before and 24h after the procedure. If PE was present, transthoracic echocardiography was repeated at 1 month to evaluate PE evolution. Early arrhythmia recurrences (EARs) were defined as any arrhythmia documented within 1 month of the procedure. PE was diagnosed in 18/81 patients (22%); and was present in significantly more patients with persistent versus paroxysmal AF (14/40 [35%] vs 4/41 [10%]; P=0.008). PEs were mild (mean 6 ± 3mm), mainly asymptomatic (89%), and none required pericardiocentesis. Early and late arrhythmia recurrences were present in 25/81 (31%) and 29/81 (36%), respectively. The incidence of PE was significantly higher among patients with EARs versus those without (12/25 [48%] vs 6/56 [11%]; P=0.0004). By multivariable analysis, PE and duration in AF were the two independent predictors of EARs. PE incidence was similar in patients with and without late arrhythmia recurrences. At 1 month, no patients had PE on transthoracic echocardiography. PE following radiofrequency AF ablation is frequent, particularly following persistent AF ablation. This effusion is generally mild, mainly asymptomatic, and independently associated with EARs.