Abstract
BackgroundA recent increase in children admitted with hypotensive shock and fever in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak requires an urgent characterization and assessment of the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a case series performed at 4 academic tertiary care centers in Paris of all the children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with shock, fever and suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 15th and April 27th, 2020.Results20 critically ill children admitted for shock had an acute myocarditis (left ventricular ejection fraction, 35% (25–55); troponin, 269 ng/mL (31–4607)), and arterial hypotension with mainly vasoplegic clinical presentation. The first symptoms before PICU admission were intense abdominal pain and fever for 6 days (1–10). All children had highly elevated C-reactive protein (> 94 mg/L) and procalcitonin (> 1.6 ng/mL) without microbial cause. At least one feature of Kawasaki disease was found in all children (fever, n = 20, skin rash, n = 10; conjunctivitis, n = 6; cheilitis, n = 5; adenitis, n = 2), but none had the typical form. SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology were positive for 10 and 15 children, respectively. One child had both negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR and serology, but had a typical SARS-CoV-2 chest tomography scan. All children but one needed an inotropic/vasoactive drug support (epinephrine, n = 12; milrinone, n = 10; dobutamine, n = 6, norepinephrine, n = 4) and 8 were intubated. All children received intravenous immunoglobulin (2 g per kilogram) with adjuvant corticosteroids (n = 2), IL 1 receptor antagonist (n = 1) or a monoclonal antibody against IL-6 receptor (n = 1). All children survived and were afebrile with a full left ventricular function recovery at PICU discharge.ConclusionsAcute myocarditis with intense systemic inflammation and atypical Kawasaki disease is an emerging severe pediatric disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early recognition of this disease is needed and referral to an expert center is recommended. A delayed and inappropriate host immunological response is suspected. While underlying mechanisms remain unclear, further investigations are required to target an optimal treatment.
Highlights
In contrast to adults, severe pediatric cases of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections are known to be rare [1, 2]
Within the last 2 weeks, we observed an outbreak of shock cases with high systemic inflammation and myocarditis, suspected to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in four pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in the Paris region
We aim to describe the characteristics, management and time course of 20 critically ill children admitted to the PICU with cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocarditis and suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection
Summary
Severe pediatric cases of the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infections are known to be rare [1, 2]. Within the last 2 weeks, we observed an outbreak of shock cases with high systemic inflammation and myocarditis, suspected to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in four pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in the Paris region. Both UK and French health authorities have alerted pediatricians about an unusual number of children admitted to a PICU with mixed shock and Kawasaki disease. A recent increase in children admitted with hypotensive shock and fever in the context of the COVID19 outbreak requires an urgent characterization and assessment of the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a case series performed at 4 academic tertiary care centers in Paris of all the children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with shock, fever and suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 15th and April 27th, 2020
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