Abstract
With the advances in neonatal care, survival of small premature infants has improved at the expenses of increasedmorbidity related to the developmental immaturity of different organs. For instance the physiological limitation of lowglomerular filtration rate, along with the hostile extra-uterine environment leads to renal impairment in premature infants.The majority of the acute kidney injuries (AKI) in premature infants are pre-renal in origin with oliguria as the mostcommon presentation. Though AKI is commonly part of the multi-organ dysfunction, it has an independent associationwith mortality in premature infants. Since changes in serum creatinine and urine output, occur relatively late in the diseasecourse, early diagnosis of AKI through non-invasive biomarkers has been the subject of research in recent years. Principlesof AKI treatment in premature infants are mostly based on experience from pediatric and adult AKI cases. Peritonealdialysis, the main method of renal replacement therapy in neonates, is rarely used and often challenging in small prematureinfants. Due to the impaired postnatal nephrogenesis, premature infants especially with a history of AKI are at risk ofchronic kidney disease, thus deserve long term monitoring of renal function.
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