Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy: The Changing Landscape for the 21st Century

Abstract

Pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (Pr-AKI) remains a large public health problem, with decreasing incidences in developing countries but seemingly increasing incidences in the United States and Canada. These epidemiologic changes are reflective of the advances in medical and obstetric care, as well as changes in underlying maternal risk factors. The risk factors associated with advanced maternal age, such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and those associated with reproductive technologies such as multiple gestations, are increasing. Traditional causes of Pr-AKI, such as septic abortions and puerperal sepsis, have been replaced by hypertensive diseases, such as preeclampsia and thrombotic microangiopathies comprising thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). In this review, we discuss the global impact of Pr-AKI on maternal and fetal outcomes, the predominant etiologies, and key clinical features to distinguish diagnoses, such as preeclampsia/hemolysis elevated liver function test and low platelet (HELLP) syndrome, acute fatty liver disease of pregnancy (AFLP), and other thrombotic microangiopathies. New insights into the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, TTP/aHUS, and AFLP that have unearthed possible therapeutic targets are summarized. We also delve into special consideration needed to give to pyelonephritis and postobstructive causes of Pr-AKI. With each diagnosis, we offer the latest treatment recommendations, such as the positive reports from the use of eculizumab to treat aHUS. In the end, we hope to arm the clinician with the best tools to understand and address this morbid problem that does not seem to be disappearing.