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Abstract
Inkoo virus (INKV) and Chatanga virus (CHATV), which are circulating in Finland, are mosquitoborne California serogroup orthobunyaviruses that have a high seroprevalence among humans. Worldwide, INKV infection has been poorly described, and CHATV infection has been unknown. Using serum samples collected in Finland from 7,961 patients suspected of having viral neurologic disease or Puumala virus infection during the summers of 2001-2013, we analyzed the samples to detect California serogroup infections. IgM seropositivity revealed 17 acute infections, and cross-neutralization tests confirmed presence of INKV or CHATV infections. All children (<16 years of age) with INKV infection were hospitalized; adults were outpatients with mild disease, except for 1 who was hospitalized with CHATV infection. Symptoms included fever, influenza-like illness, nausea or vomiting, disorientation, nuchal rigidity, headache, drowsiness, and seizures. Although many INKV and CHATV infections appear to be subclinical, these viruses can cause more severe disease, especially in children.
Highlights
Inkoo virus (INKV) and Chatanga virus (CHATV), which are circulating in Finland, are mosquitoborne California serogroup orthobunyaviruses that have a high seroprevalence among humans
Other California serogroup viruses that cause neuroinvasive disease in the United States and Canada are California encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, and Snowshoe hare viruses [17,21,22,23,24], infections caused by these viruses are reported more rarely than those caused by La Crosse virus (LACV) and are not as extensively studied
Of the total 8,793 samples we tested for California serogroup virus IgM, 4,214 serum samples and 832 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples had been initially sent for screening of meningoencephalitis agents; 3,574 serum samples had been initially sent for Puumala virus testing; and 173 serum samples had been sent for INKV testing
Summary
Inkoo virus (INKV) and Chatanga virus (CHATV), which are circulating in Finland, are mosquitoborne California serogroup orthobunyaviruses that have a high seroprevalence among humans. Inkoo virus (INKV) and Chatanga virus (CHATV) are 2 members of the California serogroup of orthobunyaviruses that are currently found in Finland They are trisegmented, enveloped negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to genus Orthobunyavirus (family Bunyaviridae), which includes several recognized mosquitoborne human pathogens. Patients with California serogroup virus infections usually remain asymptomatic or have symptoms of mild influenza-like illness, but some of these viruses may cause encephalitis [15,16,17]. In the United States, 29–167 cases of California serogroup virus encephalitis are diagnosed annually, and most cases result from La Crosse virus (LACV) [18], which is one of the most important arboviral agents causing encephalitis in children in the United States but is rarely found in adults. Other California serogroup viruses that cause neuroinvasive disease in the United States and Canada are California encephalitis, Jamestown Canyon, and Snowshoe hare viruses [17,21,22,23,24], infections caused by these viruses are reported more rarely than those caused by LACV and are not as extensively studied
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