Abstract
The topic of exercise-induced oxidative stress has received considerable attention in recent years, with close to 300 original investigations published since the early work of Dillard and colleagues in 1978. Single bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce an acute state of oxidative stress. This is indicated by an increased presence of oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues. Exercise mode, intensity, and duration, as well as the subject population tested, all can impact the extent of oxidation. Moreover, the use of antioxidant supplements can impact the findings. Although a single bout of exercise often leads to an acute oxidative stress, in accordance with the principle of hormesis, such an increase appears necessary to allow for an up-regulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This review presents a comprehensive summary of original investigations focused on exercise-induced oxidative stress. This should provide the reader with a well-documented account of the research done within this area of science over the past 30 years.
Highlights
Oxidative stress is a condition in which the delicate balance existing between prooxidant production and their subsequent amelioration via the antioxidant defense system becomes skewed in favor of free radical expression [1]
The production or formation of free radicals in vivo is primarily initiated by the consumption of molecular oxygen, which, due to its structure is a radical species itself [1]
The body's antioxidant defense system serves to protect the cells from excess reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS) production and is comprised of both endogenous and exogenous compounds [6]
Summary
Oxidative stress is a condition in which the delicate balance existing between prooxidant (free radicals) production and their subsequent amelioration via the antioxidant defense system becomes skewed in favor of free radical expression [1]. In accordance with the principle of hormesis, a low grade oxidative stress appears necessary for various physiological adaptations [35,36,37] Such a repeated exposure of the system to increased RONS production from chronic exercise training leads to an upregulation in the body's antioxidant defense system [38,39] and associated shift in redox balance in favor of a more reducing environment, providing adaptive protection from RONS during subsequent training sessions, as well as http://www.dynamic-med.com/content/8/1/1 when exposed to non-exercise related conditions. This work may provide information as to the volume of exercise conducive to beneficial health outcomes
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