Acute Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on the Postural Organization of Gait Initiation in Young Adults and Elderly: A Randomized Sham Intervention Study.

Arnaud Delafontaine,Romain Artico,Laurence Chèze,Thomas Vialleron,François Genêt,Paul Christian Fourcade,Matthieu Fischer,Guillaume Laffaye,Eric Yiou

doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.01023

Abstract

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a training method that exposes the entire body to mechanical oscillations while standing erect or seated on a vibrating platform. This method is nowadays commonly used by clinicians to improve specific motor outcomes in various sub-populations such as elderly and young healthy adults, either sedentary or well-trained. The present study investigated the effects of acute WBV application on the balance control mechanisms during gait initiation (GI) in young healthy adults and elderly. It was hypothesized that the balance control mechanisms at play during gait initiation may compensate each other in case one or several components are perturbed following acute WBV application, so that postural stability and/or motor performance can be maintained or even improved. It is further hypothesized that this capacity of adaptation is altered with aging. Main results showed that the effects of acute WBV application on the GI postural organization depended on the age of participants. Specifically, a positive effect was observed on dynamic stability in the young adults, while no effect was observed in the elderly. An increased stance leg stiffness was also observed in the young adults only. The positive effect of WBV on dynamic stability was ascribed to an increase in the mediolateral amplitude of “anticipatory postural adjustments” following WBV application, which did overcompensate the potentially destabilizing effect of the increased stance leg stiffness. In elderly, no such anticipatory (nor corrective) postural adaptation was required since acute WBV application did not elicit any change in the stance leg stiffness. These results suggest that WBV application may be effective in improving dynamic stability but at the condition that participants are able to develop adaptive changes in balance control mechanisms, as did the young adults. Globally, these findings are thus in agreement with the hypothesis that balance control mechanisms are interdependent within the postural system, i.e., they may compensate each other in case one component (here the leg stiffness) is perturbed.

Highlights

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a training method that exposes the entire body to mechanical oscillations while standing erect or seated on a vibrating platform
The time course of the biomechanical traces was globally similar in the two groups and in the different treatment conditions (WBV and sham)
The present results showed that the effects of acute WBV application on the postural organization of gait initiation depend on the age of participants

Summary

Introduction

Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a training method that exposes the entire body to mechanical oscillations while standing erect or seated on a vibrating platform. Upright balance maintenance during locomotor tasks is a highly complex task since it necessitates the coordination between many complementary postural mechanisms, including dynamic postural phenomena before the swing foot clearance [23,24,25], the regulation of stance leg stiffness [26], the swing foot placement on the support surface [27], the braking of center of mass fall [28,29,30] etc The investigation of these mechanisms [cf description below; see [31] for a recent review] requires an in-depth biomechanical analysis with force plate recordings. Topper et al [33] show that falls happened most frequently in elderly subjects scoring poorly on clinical tests emphasizing transfer of quasi-static to dynamic situations

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