Abstract
This study aimed to compare immediate changes in the thickness of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscles after open kinetic chain exercise (OKCE) and closed kinetic chain exercise (CKCE) and identify the effect of both exercise types on each quadricep muscle for early rehabilitation to prevent knee joint injury. Twenty-six healthy participants (13 males and 13 females) were randomly divided into the OKCE (n = 13) and CKCE (n = 13) groups. The thickness of their quadriceps muscles was measured using a portable ultrasonic imaging device before and after exercise in the sequence RF, VI, VL, VM, and VMO. A two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the thickness of each component of the quadriceps muscles between the two groups. The thickness of the RF, VL, VM, and VMO muscles increased after OKCE, and the thickness of the VI muscle showed the greatest increase with a medium–large effect size (F = 8.52, p = 0.01, and d = 0.53). The thickness of the VI, VL, VM, and VMO muscles increased after CKCE, and the VMO muscle had the largest effect size (F = 11.71, p = 0.00, and d = 1.02). These results indicate that the thickness of the quadriceps muscles can be selectively improved depending on the type of exercise.
Highlights
The quadriceps femoris muscle belongs to the primary muscle group that is involved in the function of the knee joint
Twenty-six healthy adults (13 males and 13 females; age: 24.3 ± 3.8 years; height: 169.3 ± 7.2 cm; weight: 66.4 ± 12.9 kg; and body mass index (BMI) [17]: 23 ± 3.6 kg/m2 ) who participated in this study were randomly divided into the open kinetic chain exercise (OKCE) (n = 13; male: 8, female: 5) and closed kinetic chain exercise (CKCE) (n = 13; male: 7, female: 6) groups
Resulting in the medium–large effect size. These findings suggest that the effects of muscle increased significantly after OKCE, and the thickness of the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle increased insignificantly improving the overall thickness of the quadriceps muscles, especially in early rehabilitation after
Summary
The quadriceps femoris muscle belongs to the primary muscle group that is involved in the function of the knee joint. Previous studies have reported weakness and atrophy of quadriceps muscles after knee joint injuries [2,5]. Recovery of these muscles to their pre-injury state is needed to restore the function of the knee joint [6,7,8]. The quadriceps femoris muscle is made up of five specific muscles—the rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius (VI), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO). This group of muscles normally functions as a knee extensor, previous studies have reported a specific function of each muscle component. The RF is a biarticular muscle that connects the hip joint to the knee joint and acts as a primary knee muscle extensor; 33% force is exerted while bending the hip joint [9]
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