Abstract
The bauxite residue is produced in high amounts all over the world. This industrial waste is a possible soil-amendment material. Although the material has been produced in high amounts, it is not frequently reused. We investigated its ecotoxicological effects on two annelid species: Dendrobaena veneta and Enchytraeus albidus. Two forms of bauxite residue (BR: S – untreated; G – dried, filter pressed, and gypsum neutralized) and three natural soils (NH: Nagyhörcsök, NY: Nyírlugos, OB: Őrbottyán) were examined. To determine the safe concentration of bauxite residue in soil on the short, acute mortality and sublethal behavioral tests (peristaltic motion-frequency) were performed. The bauxite residue addition (<5/10%) raised the pH and water holding capacity level of soils. Both types of the bauxite residue increased the motion-frequency of the worms. The untreated type had an acute mortality effect (>25%). Both species refused the soils containing both bauxite residue types at higher concentrations (>10%). Slight bauxite residue addition may improve the life circumstances of annelids in acidic sandy soils because of the potential rise of the pH level and water holding capacity.
Highlights
The bauxite residue is an industrial waste of alumina production
The bauxite residue is produced in high amounts all over the world
We investigated its ecotoxicological effects on two annelid species: Dendrobaena veneta and Enchytraeus albidus
Summary
The bauxite residue (red mud) is an industrial waste of alumina production. Production of each ton of alumina may result 0.7–2 tons of bauxite residue. This material is alkaline and highly saline [2]. The bauxite residue is a widely used material, e.g. in chemical processes, construction-, environmental technologies [3–5]. The bauxite residue is a suitable soil amendment material [5–7] and immobilizes different metals [8–10]. 140 million tons [11] were produced year and storage involves potential risks, less than 4 million tons are utilized [5]
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