Abstract
We measured the flicker from a variety of light sources: incandescent, fluorescent, and LED bulbs; office lights; streetlights; industrial light sources; computer monitors; and smartphone screens. The resulting data were compared against available safety criteria. The study led to the following conclusions: The level of light flicker from light fixtures with LEDs is much lower on average compared to traditional light sources and is generally below known safe levels, although certain specific light fixtures with LEDs do have high flicker levels. Unlike light fixtures, monitors and smartphone screens generally have a flicker amplitude that exceeds both the known safe level and the low risk level.
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