Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to look into the in vitro activity of Parkia javanica against isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
 Methods: Methanolic extract of P. javanica bark (MEPJ) and organic fractionation were tested against one standard strain and 10 clinical isolates including one multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolate of N. gonorrhoeae through minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) tests.
 Results: The MDR isolate, standard strain, as well as all the clinical isolates were inhibited by MEPJ as well as all the fractions except water fraction. Chloroform fraction showed the best activity with MIC and MBC values, both being 0.2 mg/ml. Ethyl acetate fraction also showed MIC value at 0.2 mg/ml; however, MBC value was at 0.3 mg/ml. MIC and MBC values of MEPJ were both 0.3 mg/ml.
 Conclusion: Chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and MEPJ bark showed the lowest MIC values and can be considered as prospective candidates for the development of antigonococcal topical drugs.
Highlights
All living organisms including plants have innate mechanisms to defend themselves against invading pathogens, which may be targeted to particular attackers, or generalized for diverse pathogens from insects to bacteria and fungi [1]
minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) was determined as the lowest concentration of the extract that prevented more than 99.99% microbial growth
Antibacterial activity of P. javanica was tested against 10 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae and one standard ATCC strain
Summary
All living organisms including plants have innate mechanisms to defend themselves against invading pathogens, which may be targeted to particular attackers, or generalized for diverse pathogens from insects to bacteria and fungi [1]. Before the invention of synthetic drugs and antibiotics, man had to rely on these active natural products mostly from plants, microbes, and other animals [2]. As per the World Health Organization estimation, even today 65–80% of the world population relies on herbal medicines [3] which are eco-friendly, natural and have lesser chances of giving adverse drug reactions and resistance [4]. The infectious agent, Neisseria gonorrhoeae remains asymptomatic in as high as 55% of men and 86% of women [7]. Untreated gonorrhea is a problem, causing pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women [8], and prostate cancer in men [9]. Once an curable disease, gonorrhea has become a major problem due to drug resistance and cross-resistance
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