Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most damaging pests in maize crops. In order to manage it, synthetic insecticides such as diamides, neonicotinoids, and pyrethroids are used, but they present a risk for humans and the environment. Investigations of safer alternatives include the use of natural extracts. Thus, this research evaluated the effects of chloroform extract (CHCl3Sc) (5000, 4000, 2000, 1000, and 500 ppm) on aerial parts of Salvia connivens and of nonanal and pyrocatechol (1000, 600, 400, and 80 ppm) on S. frugiperda mortality, duration of the larva and pupae phases, and pupae weight after 24 h. The second instars of S. frugiperda larvae were fed an artificial diet incorporating the extract and compounds. The CHCl3Sc had insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda, showing an LC50 of 1504 ppm. Insectistatic activity began at 1000 ppm, increasing pupal and larval duration in 7.6 and 1.4 days, respectively. Pyrocatechol and nonanal were found in this extract. The first did not have any significant difference in larval or pupal mortalities. On the other hand, insectistatic activity was shown at 500 ppm, increasing the larval duration by 1.7 days compared with the control. In the case of nonanal, the insecticide activity was LC50 of 200 ppm, and insectistatic activity started at 80 ppm, increasing larval duration by 3.2 days compared with the control and reducing pupal weight by 3.4%. The results show that chloroformic extract had insecticidal and insectistatic activities against S. frugiperda; nonanal was an aldehyde compound present in this extract, which confers insecticidal and insectistatic activities against this pest.
Highlights
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous insect pest that causes economic losses and affects approximately 80 different crops [1]
Insectistatic activity began at 500 ppm with all species; larval phase duration increased by 7.6, 6.5, 5.2, and 2.6 days with the S. connivens, S. microphylla, S. ballotiflora, and S. keerlii extracts, respectively
The LC50 in this work was higher than that reported by previous authors who used the chloroformic extract of the same plant genus, and the insectistatic activity began at 1000 ppm instead of 500 ppm
Summary
Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a polyphagous insect pest that causes economic losses and affects approximately 80 different crops [1]. This pest is reported in America, Africa, and Asia [2,3]. For the control of this plague, synthetic insecticides, such as chlorantraniliprole, malathion, and imidacloprid Sci. 2021, 11, 11813 pest is reported in America, Africa, and Asia [2,3]. For the control of this plague, synthetic insecticides, such as chlorantraniliprole, malathion, and imidacloprid (which belong to the diamide, organophosphorus, and neonicotinoid chemical groups, respectively [4]), are tuhseeddiabmutidcea,uosregeannvoiprhoonsmpehnotraulsd, aamndagneeo[5n]i,cohteianlothidhcahzeamrdicsa, lagnrdoudpeas,thre[s6p]e. For the control of this plague, synthetic insecticides, such as chlorantraniliprole, malathion, and imidacloprid (which belong to the diamide, organophosphorus, and neonicotinoid chemical groups, respectively [4]), are tuhseeddiabmutidcea,uosregeannvoiprhoonsmpehnotraulsd, aamndagneeo[5n]i,cohteianlothidhcahzeamrdicsa, lagnrdoudpeas,thre[s6p]e. cOtitvheelryc[o4n])c,earrnes urseeladtebduttocainusseecetincvidireosnimncelnutdael dinasmecatgrees[i5s]t,ahnecaeltahnhdatzhaerddse,aathndofdneoanth-t[a6r]g.eOt tohregrancoisnmcesr[n7s]; rfeulartthedertmooinres,encteiocindiecos tiinncoliuddseairnesreecltarteesdisttoanthcee raenddutchtieodneianthbeoef pnoopnu-tlaartgioent sor[8g]a.nisms [7]; pSSfFuigs[puaacur1speoorlale0rvventtdlt]heic)ihau.auaOinepsOeFsecritrpnrssutmipnSmo.saelrtaeeadlSohtwoolsnhvoauurerftiteleifecsttvsamm,rhh,ettimsnhsiaheoasiaoeewnaopanssmotvstalrhlainteapetelaeegethcin,ebreceptbmsntsiuorimslcoetnnaatnioemishtmnedandisnenatvtateoacia-vtlevdutinan;pesidaeebsctaeclsfsrebiuagioxtdindfieanvneravoaermtemdtmirlef-nhdtodaaymeparernu,cpenenltLasrtslremtiaaiuoen;vasivgtndcdaeemieeiohtdxgunddytffiahigoicaa,nctmttperscsoShisgeunrem.pLifotaSsecsrfhlardeoshe,e.uemiedmusfnffgarnaoricicuioscetamSoptligifdsuceaeandiiersutlldpfle,vdhsayroece,iaeo,ceirtaifsnoidrmliSoofssseatsiaaopnipntmamaliSdhevnscoliacee,linirdtoulailtcthvueyiiibdoocishlnes,asesreseiagrugsem,aseropSasapenappafeaenpnedsonotplivoipctdcprilcuoicifatrseuaeairdonpp,nsxglixhtaehalgteaa-aiirtsnbadsmnrinasapodraeiceftpmaacsno-tnsnptepbssreteatdiharu[xictl[coa9syhaa8t(dee]lrxore]u.i9aed.mirioemT0srtcdbii(st0ahlpcosoaecafeoasrntte[olpaetg9gsutbrelniea]eyonta.[ticiinc1htltnTci9aiuae0aeoash0nls]slitli)0e.s.r-l SadanpogodladoimoSnp.sittsteiorcSmaap,eaoaxldeniogndpustiaSser.(aaLsgoeeampxiiinagdlsueotnapAs(tiLeesdreaaepgs: iaNadilnobospoctpttueAicritedaud:aseeNs()Dao[l1cbipt1ou]tp;eiidecrtasaus:ees)Cn([uDt1il1aiipcl];itodeeiralssasee:f)rnCloatumiralvilcSaoi.edidl[aso1er2f)irs]lo;iaamarnnvadSa, eS.Sd.[.od1oro2fil]fiso;icmaainnnitaadi,cliaSSs,.. eosfsfiecnintiaallisoeilssaegnatiinasltoTirliabgolaiuinmstcTasrtiabnoeliuumm(cCaostlaenoeputmera(C: Toelenoepbtreioran:idTaeen)eabdriuolntsidaaned) Sapdoudlotsptaenrad lSitptoordaolpistelraarlvitateor[a1l3is,1l4a]r.vaSe. s[c1l3a,r1e4a].aSq.usecolaurseaeaxqtruaecotuhsaesxsthraocwt hnaisnsshecotwicnidianlseaccttiicviidtyalaagcatiivnistty TargiaalienusrtodTersiavleauproordiaersovruapmor(iHareomruimpt(eHrae:mAipletyerrao:dAidleaye)roaddiudlates)[a1d5]u; latsm[1e5t]h;aanmoleictheaxntroalicct eoxfSt.ralecrtiiofoflSia. lmeriixifeodliawmitihxewdowodithviwneogoadrvwinaesguasrewdaasguasinedstaLgaasiinodsterLmasaiosdererrimcoarnseerr(Cicoorlneoe p(Cteorlae:Aonpotebriaid: aAen)o[b1i6i]d;aaen) d[1a6n]; eatnhdanaonlicetehxatnroaclitc oefxStr.ascctlaorfeaS.wsacslarteeastwedasagteasintesdt CagualeixnsptipCiuenlesx (pDipipietnesra(:DCiputleicriad:aCeu) lliacrivdaaee)[1la7r]v. ae [17]
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