Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and Their Association with Lipid Profile in Mexican People without Cardiovascular Disease: An Analysis of Interactions.

Jesús Vargas-Barrón,José Pedraza-Chaverri,Eloísa Colín-Ramírez,Ariadna Alcántara-Gaspar,Susana Rivera-Mancía,Raúl Cartas-Rosado,Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio,Maite Vallejo,Omar Noel Medina-Campos

doi:10.3390/ijerph15122687

Abstract

Dyslipidemia and oxidative stress are both considered to be factors involved in cardiovascular disease; however, the relationship between them has been little explored. In this work, we studied the association between the lipid profile and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as paraoxonase-1 (PON1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), ceruloplasmin, and catalase, as well as total antioxidant capacity (the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (FRAP)), in 626 volunteers without cardiovascular disease. Their lipid profile was evaluated, and they were classified as having or not having high triglycerides (↑TG), high low-density cholesterol (↑LDLC), and low high-density cholesterol (↓HDLC), resulting in eight groups: Without dyslipidemia, ↑TG, ↑LDLC, ↓HDLC, ↑TG↑LDLC, ↑TG↓HDLC, ↑LDLC↓HDLC, and ↑TG↑LDLC↓HDLC. When comparisons by group were made, no significant differences in the activity of antioxidant enzymes were obtained. However, the linear regression analysis considering the potential interactions between ↑TG, ↑LDLC, and ↓HDLC suggested a triple interaction between the three lipid profile alterations on the activity of PON1 and a double interaction between ↑TG and ↑LDLC on ferroxidase-ceruloplasmin activity. The analysis presented in this work showed an association between the lipid profile and antioxidant-enzyme activity and highlighted the importance of considering the interactions between the components of a phenomenon instead of studying them individually. Longitudinal studies are needed to elucidate the nature of these associations.

Highlights

Dyslipidemia has been recognized as an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [1], and its prevalence has increased worldwide during the last years [2]
The studies evaluating the activity of antioxidant enzymes in humans with dyslipidemia have been performed in patients with other underlying conditions [7,8] or under pharmacological treatment [7]—which could possibly have affected the antioxidant activity of the organism—and frequently by separating the groups into having or not having dyslipidemia, leaving aside the study of associations of the separate components of the lipid profile and their interactions
The main analysis was based on evaluating interactions among the components of the lipid profile, a significant association between ↓high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and reduced activity of PON1 was found in the analysis of individual factors (Table 2), and the activity of the enzyme tended to be lower in those combinations of altered lipid profile that included a low level of HDLC (Table 2), except for the ↑TG × ↑low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) × ↓HDLC combination

Summary

Introduction

Dyslipidemia has been recognized as an important risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [1], and its prevalence has increased worldwide during the last years [2]. The studies evaluating the activity of antioxidant enzymes in humans with dyslipidemia have been performed in patients with other underlying conditions [7,8] or under pharmacological treatment [7]—which could possibly have affected the antioxidant activity of the organism—and frequently by separating the groups into having or not having dyslipidemia, leaving aside the study of associations of the separate components of the lipid profile and their interactions It is not known whether the association between dyslipidemia and the activity of antioxidant enzymes exists in a context free of cardiovascular disease

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