Activity enhancement of CuZn-impregnated FSM-16 by modification with 1,3-butanediol for steam reforming of methanol1

Abstract

Sterically hindered phenolic antioxidants (AOs) of the IKhFAN family are characterized as inhibitors of initiated oxidation of methyl oleate in homogeneous chlorobenzene solutions and in aqueous emulsions in the presence of dodecyl sulfate. The IKhFANs inhibit oxidation by scavenging peroxo radicals and by decomposing hydroperoxides to yield molecular products. The effect of an IKhFAN is governed by its chemical structure and by oxidation conditions. The IKhFANs slow down methyl oleate oxidation in lipid solution more effectively than comparable concentrations of α-tocopherol, dibunol, phenosan K, or phenosan ester. The most effective is IKhFAN-10, in which the R3 radical is the shortest (CH3). The inhibiting effect of the AOs weakens markedly with increasing chain length of R3. The specific features of the observed oxidation kinetics are explained by the formation of microheterogeneous systems involving AOs. In these systems, the phenolic OH groups are directed to the micelle center and, as a consequence, can hardly react with RO 2 · radicals. In the IKhFAN group in which R3 ranges from C8H17 to C16H33, the induction period grows in proportion to the number of carbon atoms. In an aqueous emulsion, the overall inhibiting effects of structurally different IKhFANs are similar and weaker than effects in homogeneous solution.