Activity-Based Matrix Metallo-Protease Enrichment Using Automated, Inhibitor Affinity Extractions

Abstract

An automated inhibitor affinity extraction method for the activity-based enrichment of matrix metallo-proteases (MMPs) is presented. Samples containing purified MMP-12 were first extracted at different flow rates in a syringe pump setup, using cartridges packed with an MMP inhibitor affinity sorbent based on an immobilized hydroxamic acid containing peptide (PLG-NHOH) with mumol/L MMP affinity. Faster extractions, a reduced number of manual manipulations, and higher extraction yields (98.9%-99.3%) were obtained over the whole flow rate range compared to batch extractions. Application of the method to synovial fluid from a rheumatoid arthritis patient followed by gelatin-zymography revealed a strong enrichment of distinct MMPs from this biological sample that were not clearly visible in the original sample. The use of an auto-sampler and a solid-phase extraction (SPE) workstation allowed full automation of the extraction procedure with the potential for on-line coupling to further sample preparation and analytical steps. MMP-12 extractions were optimized showing that ligand density is an important factor with a clear extraction yield optimum around 5 to 7.5 mmol/L. Conditioning of the stationary phase for 1 week prior to use resulted in a further slight increase in extraction yield. Under optimal conditions, an extraction yield of 99.5% was reached with a cartridge contact time of only 13 s for MMP-12. The efficacy of the extraction method for activity-based MMP profiling was further improved by the use of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor with nmol/L affinity (TAPI-2). This resulted in an increased extraction yield for all tested MMPs. For MMP-1, -7, -8, -10, -12, and -13 extraction yields of at least 98.8% were obtained, while for MMP-9 (full length and catalytic domain) an extraction yield of at least 96.1% was reached.