Abstract
This article examines examples of English movable books produced for and created by children from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries as interactive media. I analyze the interactive design of flap books, slat books, and mechanical books in comparison to contemporary pop-up books. By adapting ideas associated with digital media and applying them back I time, I analyze the design of the movable books in light of their child reader-viewer-players or interactors. By comparing early understandings of interactivity, notably of John Locke, with those of contemporary theorists, I demonstrate how a hierarchical perception of activity and agency occurred. Ultimately, I suggest how we may be able to rethink our valuation of the terms.
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