Actividad espontánea electroencefalográfica y magnetoencefalográfica como marcador de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y el deterioro cognitivo leve

Abstract

The association between the electroencephalogram (EEG) and the study of cognitive impairment was observed from the beginning of using this technique. The introduction of the magnetoencephalogram (MEG) has enabled new lines of research to be developed with a potential for significant clinical applicability. Both techniques have a series of advantages, such as the direct detection of neuronal activity. The EEG-MEG spectral variations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are also linked to essential physiological processes, such as neuronal disconnection or the deficiency in certain neurotransmitters. These spectral variations are basically characterised by a slowing down of the trace when spontaneous activity is registered, with an increase in the power of low frequency bands (delta and theta) and a decrease in the high frequency bands (alpha, beta, gamma). The spectral analysis gives sensitivity-specificity results of around 80%. By using MEG, it has been possible to specifically locate the sources of this low frequency activity, which has enabled the sensitivity of the test to be increased to 93.3%, particularly when combined with the nuclear resonance data. However, the most promising results come from longitudinal studies which attempt to predict those MCI patients with a higher risk of developing AD. In this case, some EEG studies have shown a sensitivity of 85% when detecting these patients. Even more important, some longitudinal MEG studies have been able to determine that high parietal delta activity increases the relative risk of developing AD by 350%.