Abstract
Active particles are capable of extracting energy from their environment and converting it into direct motion. This direct motion is usually attained by asymmetries, which induce a net force in the particle. In this article we show how a dimer made up of two nanoparticles can obtain this energy supply from the nonreciprocal force induced by an homogeneous and isotropic random electromagnetic field. We explicitly obtain the value of the force and find it to be different from zero only for sets of different particles in which at least one of them is absorbent. In addition, we prove that the nonreciprocity of the force is the condition for the interaction dynamics to be nonconservative. We further show how this mechanism can be used to induce active Brownian motion with persistent random walks, effective diffusion coefficients, and noticeable Péclet numbers.
Highlights
Active particles are capable of extracting energy from their environment and converting it into direct motion
A general feature of direct motion is that it is triggered by asymmetries that induce a nonreciprocal force.[1−3] These nonreciprocal forces in colloidal systems have been intensely investigated in the context of nonequilibrium fluctuations or many-body Langevin dynamics[4−6] and are found to be strongly related to systems of particles immersed in nonequilibrium environments.[7]
The particle feeling the nonreciprocal force has the propensity for performing straight paths with a persistence length proportional to the induced speed
Summary
In the system formed by the gold and silver nanoparticles, the reciprocity of the interaction forces is not fulfilled, resulting in a nonconservative interaction dynamics We will analyze the active motion induced by the fluctuating isotropic field in the particular case of a 30 nm radius gold−silver dimer with a separation distance fixed to 90 nm Both nanoparticles are embedded in a water-refractive index matching polymer with spherical shape: R = 5 μm radius and a density of 1500 kg/m3. The mean-squared displacement is expected to fulfill[44−46]
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