Abstract
In this work, hybrid gliadin electrospun fibers containing inclusion complexes of ferulic acid (FA) with hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrins (FA/HP-β-CD-IC) were prepared as a strategy to increase the stability and solubility of the antioxidant FA. Inclusion complex formation between FA and HP-β-CD was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). After adjusting the electrospinning conditions, beaded-free fibers of gliadin incorporating FA/HP-β-CD-IC with average fiber diameters ranging from 269.91 ± 73.53 to 271.68 ± 72.76 nm were obtained. Control gliadin fibers containing free FA were also produced for comparison purposes. The incorporation of FA within the cyclodextrin molecules resulted in increased thermal stability of the antioxidant compound. Moreover, formation of the inclusion complexes also enhanced the FA photostability, as after exposing the electrospun fibers to UV light during 60 min, photodegradation of the compound was reduced in more than 30%. Moreover, a slower degradation rate was also observed when compared to the fibers containing the free FA. Results from the release into two food simulants (ethanol 10% and acetic acid 3%) and PBS also demonstrated that the formation of the inclusion complexes successfully resulted in improved solubility, as reflected from the faster and greater release of the compounds in the three assayed media. Moreover, in both types of hybrid fibers, the antioxidant capacity of FA was kept, thus confirming the suitability of electrospinning for the encapsulation of sensitive compounds, giving raise to nanostructures with potential as active packaging structures or delivery systems of use in pharmaceutical or biomedical applications.
Highlights
Ferulic acid (FA, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid), a phenolic compound classified in the group of the hydroxycinnamic acids, is present in commelinid plants such as rice, wheat, oats, and some vegetables, fruits, and nuts [1]
ferulic acid (FA) was successfully incorporated into gliadin fibers in form of FA/HP-β-CD-IC via the electrospinning technique
The inclusion complex between FA and HP-β-CD was prepared at a 1:1 molar ratio using a freeze-drying method
Summary
Ferulic acid (FA, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid), a phenolic compound classified in the group of the hydroxycinnamic acids, is present in commelinid plants such as rice, wheat, oats, and some vegetables, fruits, and nuts [1]. CDs have toroid-shaped molecular structures, a hydrophobic internal cavity and a hydrophilic external surface that make them capable of forming noncovalent host−guest inclusion complexes with a variety of molecules such as phenolic compounds [13]. This unique capability offers outstanding improvements in the properties of the guest molecules including protection from degradation and oxidation, enhancing solubility, chemical stability and controlling the release rate [14,15]
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