Active deformation across the Sumatran forearc over the December 2004 Mw9.2 rupture

Abstract

A 220-km-long, single-channel seismic reflection profile crosses the northern Sumatra margin and presumed rupture zone of the December 2004 M w 9.2 tsunamigenic earthquake and images active deformation across the forearc. At the largest wavelength (tens of kilometers), the forearc surface is defined by a steep, 55-km-wide outer slope, a 110-km-wide upper slope forming a broad depression between two forearc highs, and a 25-km-wide steep inner slope between the landward high and forearc basin. Superimposed on these prism-wide variations are anticlinal ridges spaced ∼13 km apart; the inner and outer slopes are characterized by landward and seaward fold vergence, respectively. Between anticlines, growth strata deposited in slope basins are folded at ∼2–3 km wavelengths. These small folds deform the seafloor and increase in amplitude with depth, verging toward anticlinal hinges. We suggest that long-wavelength variations are consistent with variations in strength across the forearc. The ∼13 km anticline spacing implies deformation of a slope apron that deforms independently of a stronger wedge interior. Growth strata geometries indicate ongoing deformation within individual basins. Our model for prism architecture suggests that the wedge interior advances during great earthquakes like the 2004 M w 9.2 event, peeling up shallower and less competent trench fill, deforming the toe and the upper slope of the forearc, and producing seabottom uplift responsible for the tsunami.