Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (CBN) are currently used in many biomedical applications. The research includes optimization of single grain size and conglomerates of pure detonated nanodiamond (DND), modified nanodiamond particles and graphene oxide (GO) in order to compare their bactericidal activity against food pathogens. Measurement of grain size and zeta potential was performed using the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method. Surface morphology was evaluated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and confocal microscope. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was performed in order to confirm the crystallographic structure of detonation nanodiamond particles. Bacteriostatic tests were performed by evaluating the inhibition zone of pathogens in the presence of carbon based nanomaterials. Raman spectroscopy showed differences between the content of the diamond and graphite phases in diamond nanoparticles. Fluorescence microscopy and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) determination methods were used to assess the bactericidal of bioactive polymers obtained by modification of food wrapping film using various carbon-based nanomaterials. The results indicate differences in the sizes of individual grains and conglomerates of carbon nanomaterials within the same carbon allotropes depending on surface modification. The bactericidal properties depend on the allotropic form of carbon and the type of surface modification. Depending on the grain size of carbon-based materials, surface modification, the content of the diamond and graphite phases, surface of carbon-based nanomaterials film formation shows more or less intense bactericidal properties and differentiated adhesion of bacterial biofilms to food films modified with carbon nanostructures.
Highlights
Carbon-based nanomaterials are a very differentiated group covering allotropic forms with a distinct crystallographic structure
The results of Raman spectroscopy confirm that the nanodiamond particles with surface modification show the highest content of the diamond phase, the pure detonation powder has a higher ID/IG ratio compared to powder modified with hydroxyl groups
Single grain sizes of the powders tested by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) method showed that the plasma-chemically modified powder has the highest activity of the reaction surface correlated with one of the smallest sizes of a single grain and with a very high content of diamond phase in Raman spectroscopy
Summary
Carbon-based nanomaterials are a very differentiated group covering allotropic forms with a distinct crystallographic structure. The graphene family materials are cytotoxic and destructive to the structure of the cell membrane, especially graphene oxide (GO) which has a high oxidoreductive potential, resulting in damage to cell membranes in the process of lipid peroxidation and intensification of oxidative stress in bacteria, fungi and other cells. From this point of view, it seems that the use of diamond nanoparticles added to food packaging is safe and does not carry the risk of migration of cytotoxic substances into food. The use of external barrier graphene layers with antimicrobial properties may be a potential use for graphene in the packaging industry [2,4,5,9,10,11,12,13,14]
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