Abstract
Bias errors for both one and two-dimensional intensity probes have been previously calculated for both the traditional cross-spectral and the Phase and Amplitude Gradient Estimator (PAGE) methods [E. B. Whiting et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am.142, 2208–2218 (2017); E. B. Whiting, M. S. Thesis (2016)]. Here, these calculations are expanded to include errors due to the source angle relative to the probe and due to contaminating noise. The noise can either be uncorrelated at each microphone or self-correlated, which is modeled as a plane wave with a varying angle of incidence. The errors in both intensity magnitude and direction are dependent on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), frequency, source properties, incidence angles, probe configuration, and processing method. The PAGE method is generally found to give more accurate results, though uncorrelated noise with a low SNR can yield large errors. For broadband signals, the PAGE method can be used beyond the spatial Nyquist frequency. [Work supported by NSF.]
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