Activation of the deep hip muscles can change the direction of loading at the hip

Abstract

A better understanding of deep hip muscle function is needed to establish whether retraining and strengthening these muscles is a worthwhile target for rehabilitation. This study aimed to determine the contribution of the deep hip muscles to the direction of hip loading in the acetabulum. Hip contact forces were calculated during walking and squatting for 12 participants (age: 24 ± 4 yrs, 4 females) using electromyography-informed neuromusculoskeletal modelling. Models were configured with different deep hip muscle activation levels: deep hip muscles (piriformis, obturator internus and externus, gemellus superior and inferior, and quadratus femoris) informed by intramuscular electromyography measurements (i.e., normal activation; assisted activation) and simulated with zero (no activation) or maximal (maximal activation) activation. The angle between the hip contact force and the vector from the femoral head to the acetabular center (hip contact force angle) was calculated for all configurations, where lower angles equated to hip loading directed towards the acetabular center. The position and spread of acetabular loading during both tasks were calculated for all configurations and compared using a within-participant analysis of variance via statistical parametric mapping (P < 0.05). Maximal activation resulted in lower hip contact force angles and more anterior-inferior oriented, albeit a slightly reduced, spread of acetabular loading compared to assisted activation and no activation. Results suggest that, if activated maximally, the deep hip muscles can change the direction of hip loading away from commonly damaged areas of acetabular cartilage. Targeted training of these muscles may be relevant for individuals with hip pathology who present with unfavorable regional loading and/or cartilage lesions.