Activation of Motility by Sensing Short-Chain Fatty Acids via Two Steps in a Flagellar Gene Regulatory Cascade in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli

Abstract

The regulated expression of virulence genes is critical for successful infection by an intestinal pathogen. Bacteria rely on sensing environmental signals to find preferable niches and reach the infectious state. Orally ingested enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) travels through the gastrointestinal tract and encounters a variety of environmental factors, some of which act as triggering signals for the induction of virulence genes. Butyrate, one of the main short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), is such a signal, enhancing the expression of genes for intimate attachment and type III secretion. We further explored the role of SCFAs and found a positive effect of SCFAs on flagellar expression. Although EHEC did not produce flagella when grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), a tissue culture medium that enhances virulence gene expression, the addition of SCFAs to the medium induced the production of flagella, and the EHEC bacteria became motile. Among SCFAs, butyrate simultaneously activates both virulence and flagellar genes. Flagella did not affect initial adherence, and they were not expressed in adherent bacteria during microcolony formation. SCFAs activated flagellar genes via two regulatory steps. Butyrate activated the flhDC regulatory genes through leucine-responsive regulatory protein (Lrp), which is also a regulator of virulence genes. However, butyrate, acetate, and propionate also activated downstream genes independently of flhDC activation. Consequently, when encountering increased concentrations of SCFAs, which are abundant in acetate, in the intestine, EHEC first activates flagellar production and motility, followed by genes involved in adherence and type III secretion, which leads to efficient adherence in a preferable niche.