Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infectious disease, is a severe health problem worldwide. As reported, some anti-malarial drugs with anti-parasitic properties also block mast cells (MCs) activities. It is hypothesized that MCs activity may be correlated with the pathogenesis of malaria. Thus, the role of MCs on malarial pathogenesis and the involved physiological action and pathways need to be further investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MCs activation on malaria disease severity using KunMing mice with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) infection treated with MCs degranulator (compound 48/80, C48/80) or MCs stabilizer (disodium cromoglycate, DSCG). PbANKA infection caused a dramatic increase in MCs density and level of MCs degranulation in cervical lymph node (CLN) and skin. Compared with infected control, C48/80 treatment had shortened survival time, increased parasitemia, exacerbated liver inflammation and CLN hyperplasia, accompanied with increase in vascular leakage and leukocyte number. The infected mice with C48/80 treatment also elevated the release of CCL2, CXCL1, and MMP-9 from MCs in CLN and skin, and TNF-α, IFN-γ, CCR2, and CXCR2 mRNA expression in CLN and liver. In contrast, the infected mice treated with DSCG showed longer survival time, lower parasitemia, improved liver inflammation and CLN hyperplasia, followed by a decline of vascular leakage and leukocyte number. Decreased MCs-derived CCL2, CXCL1, and MMP-9 from CLN and skin, mRNA expression in CLN and liver (TNF-α, IFN-γ, CCR2, and CXCR2) were also observed in infected mice with DSCG treatment. Our data indicated that MCs activation may facilitate the pathogenesis of PbANKA infection.
Highlights
Malaria is one of the most severe mosquito-borne infectious diseases worldwide
In the infected mice treated with compound 48/80 (C48/80) or disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), the density of Mast cells (MCs) was notably increased by ∼4.6 or ∼4.0 fold at 4 days p.i. and by ∼9.2 or ∼8.3 fold at 9 days p.i. as compared to the uninfected mice treated with C48/80 (0.9 ± 0.2 cells/mm2) or DSCG (1.1 ± 0.1 cells/mm2), respectively
The results show that MCs in cervical lymph node (CLN) tissue can release more or lesser CCL2/CXCL1/MMP9 triggered by C48/80 or DSCG treatment during Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) infection, respectively
Summary
Malaria is one of the most severe mosquito-borne infectious diseases worldwide. The accumulating studies have demonstrated that MCs number and level of MCs degranulation have protective and/or pathological impacts on protozoan parasite infections (e.g., Leishmania spp., T. gondii, and so on) in different settings (Lu and Huang, 2017). It is well-known that Plasmodium spp. can infect red blood cells and be in close contact with blood vessels for most of the malaria parasite life cycle in host. Since MCs reside in proximity to blood vessels, instantly release various mediators, and undergo repeated rounds of degranulation and regranulation, it is reasonable to postulate that MCs may mediate the pathogenic process of malaria infection
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