Abstract
ObjectivePreviously we have shown that mechanical wounding and volatiles released from cut grass, activated a 46 and 44 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the model grass species Lolium temulentum (Lt). MAPKs play an important role as signal relays that connect incoming stress signals and stress responses. Since green leaf volatiles (GLV) are released during wounding, we wanted determine if specific compounds contained in the GLV mixture or if GLV generated from other plant species could activate these Lt MAPKs.ResultsOur analysis found that just a 1-min exposure to GLV was enough to activate the Lt 46 kDa MAPK within 3 min and the 44 kDa MAPK within 15 min. This activation pattern showed similar kinetics to those observed after wounding, and the GLV and wound activated bands associated with these MAPKs displayed identical migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. Thirteen different commercially available plant volatiles (alcohols, aldehydes and ketones) were tested and all thirteen volatile compounds were able to activate these same Lt MAPKs. Furthermore, GLV derived from three other grass species as well as tomato, a dicot, were also shown to activate these MAPKs in Lt.
Highlights
Plant materials Lolium temulentum L. (Lt, Darnel ryegrass) cv
This study expanded the analysis of green leaf volatiles (GLV) and their ability to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades in the model grass species Lt
The migration of the bands for the 46 and 44 kDa MAPK activated by wounding and GLV appear to be the same (Fig. 1b)
Summary
It takes only 1 min exposure to GLV from cut grass clippings to activate the MAPKs. The migration of the bands for the 46 and 44 kDa MAPK activated by wounding and GLV appear to be the same (Fig. 1b). GLV contain a wide range of volatile compounds [4, 26, 27], we wanted to determine if a specific compound or class of compounds activated the Lt MAPKs. Thirteen commercially available compounds, many found in GLV [4], from 3 different chemical classes, aldehydes, Fig. 1 Exposure to green leaf volatiles activated the 46 and 44 kDa MAPKs in Lt. a Immunoblots showing the activation of the Lt MAPKs. 3X wound—Lt plants were wounded 3 times perpendicular across all tillers 1–2 in. For all specific GLV compounds and different plant species GLV tested, the Lt 46 kDa MAPK was activated within 3–5 min of exposure, and the Lt 44 KDa MAPK was activated after 15–25 min of exposure
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