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Abstract
This review presents a summary of the manufacturing of activated carbons (ACs) as electrode materials for electric double layer capacitors. Commonly used techniques of open and closed porosity determination (gas adsorption, immersion calorimetry, X-ray and neutrons scattering) were briefly described. AC production methods (laboratory and industrial) were detailed presented with the stress on advantages and drawbacks of each ones in the field of electrode materials of supercapacitor. We discussed all general parameters of the activation process and their influence on the production efficiency and the porous structure of ACs. We showed that porosity development of ACs is not the only factor influencing capacity properties. The role of pore size distribution, raw material origin, final carbon structure ordering, particles morphology and purity must be also taken into account. The impact of surface chemistry of AC was considered not only in the context of pseudocapacity but also other important factors, such as inter-particle conductivity, maximal operating voltage window and long-term stability.
Highlights
The energy stored in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) is related to the electrostatic attraction of ions on the surface of the two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte
We begin with the classification of organic precursors and the description of the phenomena that occur during their thermal decomposition to better objectivize the impact of the raw material on the porosity development and electrochemical properties of the resultant Activated carbons (ACs)
Oxygen-containing groups are mostly responsible for the carbon surface properties because of their abundance in the AC. Their presence enhances the wettability of the carbon surface, which is of particular importance for AC-based electrodes in supercapacitors operating in aqueous solutions
Summary
The energy stored in electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) is related to the electrostatic attraction of ions on the surface of the two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte. The precursor origin, the method of porosity development and the pore size distribution of the resultant ACs influence the performance of EDLCs. This review describes several aspects of AC manufacturing and provides general guidelines that facilitate improving the overall process used to obtain the electrode material and achieving optimal capacitance behavior in a given electrolyte. This review describes several aspects of AC manufacturing and provides general guidelines that facilitate improving the overall process used to obtain the electrode material and achieving optimal capacitance behavior in a given electrolyte This information will be helpful in the selection of an organic precursor, the proper method and parameters of activation and the final surface modification. It should support improved planning of further research on this prospective electric storage system
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