Abstract
The plasma membrane protects the eukaryotic cell from its surroundings and is essential for cell viability; thus, it is crucial that membrane disruptions are repaired quickly to prevent immediate dyshomeostasis and cell death. Accordingly, cells have developed efficient repair mechanisms to rapidly reseal ruptures and reestablish membrane integrity. The cortical actin cytoskeleton plays an instrumental role in both plasma membrane resealing and restructuring in response to damage. Actin directly aids membrane repair or indirectly assists auxiliary repair mechanisms. Studies investigating single-cell wound repair have often focused on the recruitment and activation of specialized repair machinery, despite the undeniable need for rapid and dynamic cortical actin modulation; thus, the role of the cortical actin cytoskeleton during wound repair has received limited attention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of membrane repair mechanisms directly or indirectly involving cortical actin cytoskeletal remodeling.
Highlights
IntroductionThe plasma membrane (PM) constitutes a physical barrier protecting cells against external forces, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring cell survival [1,2,3,4,5]
The plasma membrane (PM) constitutes a physical barrier protecting cells against external forces, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring cell survival [1,2,3,4,5].The eukaryotic PM consists of a 5–10 nm lipid bilayer with a diverse assortment of integral proteins, which translate external stimuli into intracellular signaling transduction and cellular responses [6]; the PM shields cells against the extracellular milieu, and permits cellular communication with the surrounding environment
Studies investigating membrane repair have often focused on membrane fusion events, removal of injured membranes and recruitment or assembly of protein repair complexes (e.g., annexins and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III) [1,14,18,19,20]; the implication of the cortical actin cytoskeleton in membrane resealing and restructuring has received limited attention, despite the undeniable need for rapid and dynamic cytoskeletal changes in response to membrane damage and repair
Summary
The plasma membrane (PM) constitutes a physical barrier protecting cells against external forces, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis and ensuring cell survival [1,2,3,4,5]. Studies investigating membrane repair have often focused on membrane fusion events (via exocytosis-mediated repair), removal of injured membranes (by endocytosis-mediated repair or shedding) and recruitment or assembly of protein repair complexes (e.g., annexins and endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-III) [1,14,18,19,20]; the implication of the cortical actin cytoskeleton in membrane resealing and restructuring has received limited attention, despite the undeniable need for rapid and dynamic cytoskeletal changes in response to membrane damage and repair. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of membrane repair mechanisms directly or indirectly involving cortical actin cytoskeletal remodeling and further touches upon the role of actin-based mechanosensing
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