AcrAB-TolC, a major efflux pump in Gram negative bacteria: toward understanding its operation mechanism

Abstract

Photobiomodulation therapy has been proposed as a promising therapeutic approach for retinal degenerative diseases. However, its effect on the regenerative capacity in mammalian retina and its intracellular signaling mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we showed that photobiomodulation with 670 nm light stimulates Müller glia cell cycle re-entry and dedifferentiation into a progenitor-like state in both uninjured and injured retina. We also found that 670 nm light treatment inhibits the Hippo pathway, which is activated in Müller glia following NaIO3-induced retinal injury. YAP, a major downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway was translocated into nucleus of Müller glia along with YAP dephosphorylation in retina treated with 670 nm light. Deficiency of YAP attenuated Müller glia cell cycle re-entry and dedifferentiation. Our data reveal the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway is associated with the photostimulatory effect on regenerative response in mammalian retina and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for retinal degenerative diseases.