Abstract
Prokaryotes have various defense systems, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated (Cas) adaptive immune systems, to protect themselves from invading foreign DNA, in particular mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In prokaryotic genomes, various classes of the genes encoding prokaryotic defense systems often cluster in specific genomic regions, referred to as defense islands, which are involved in the evolution and diversification of prokaryotic defense systems. In this chapter, we review the functions of prokaryotic defense systems, their evolutionary dynamics, and their co-evolutionary arms race with invading foreign DNA. We also introduce our previous works related to the comparative genomic analyses of Streptococcus species and oral bacterial species, in particular focusing on restriction-modification (R-M) systems and CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems.
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