Abstract
Interfacial instability and atomization behavior on acoustically levitated droplets for further stable liquid manipulation were investigated. We visualized the atomization behavior of water and ethanol droplets. Atomization was clearly affected by the difference in surface tension. The pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the droplet was estimated from rapid droplet deformation immediately before its atomization. Finally, the capillary wave on the droplet surface that can trigger atomization was quantified and elucidated with the theory. The size distribution of atomized daughter droplets was compared with the length scale of the capillary wave on the droplet surface.
Highlights
Acoustic levitation attracts great attention of practical applications in analytical chemistry,1–3 biology,4–6 and materials science7–12 because a container-free sample manipulation can avoid the wall effect, such as an unexpected nucleation and contamination by the container wall
We investigated the breakup process of droplets using acoustic levitation and compared our experimentally obtained results with theoretical results
The pressure difference between the inside and outside of the droplet was estimated. This estimated pressure difference was in good agreement with our sound pressure measurement
Summary
Acoustic levitation attracts great attention of practical applications in analytical chemistry, biology, and materials science because a container-free sample manipulation can avoid the wall effect, such as an unexpected nucleation and contamination by the container wall. Acoustic levitation, which is one of the promising contactless fluid manipulation techniques, enables a sample (solid and liquid) to levitate in midair by forming an acoustic standing wave between the horn and the reflector.. The dynamic and nonlinear behaviors on a levitated droplet, such as interfacial deformation and atomization, can be triggered due to the nonlinear acoustic field, flow fields, and heat/mass transfer.. Danilov and Mironov theoretically investigated the droplet atomization mechanism from the interfacial deformation to disintegration of the droplet in a strong acoustic field. Marzo et al. demonstrated that a solid sample can be three-dimensionally manipulated with multiple small transducers without a reflector. The droplets must stably levitate without any interfacial instability or atomization after levitation and coalescence in midair.
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