Abstract
Acoustic refraction by atmospheric wind and temperature inhomogeneities affects the measurements of acoustic sounders in four ways: (a) It displaces the location of the scattering volume relative to its apparent location based on straight-line ray paths. (b) It alters the magnitude of the Doppler shift by changing the magnitude and direction of the wave vector at the scatterer. (c) It changes the scattering angle from that based on a straight-line geometry. (d) It introduces Doppler-shift contributions due to time variations of the atmospheric refractive index all along the sounding path. An idealized model of all these effects on bistatic soundings shows that most refractive corrections are small for present sounding geometries up to heights of about 1 km, but may need to be accounted for as sounding heights increase.
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