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Abstract
Nonreciprocal signal operation is highly desired for various acoustic applications, where protection from unwanted backscattering can be realized so that transmitting and receiving signals are processed in a full-duplex mode. Here we present the realization of a class of nonreciprocal circulators based on simply structured acoustic metagratings, which consist only of a few solid cylinders and a steady fluid flow with low velocity. These innovative metagratings are intelligently designed via a diffraction analysis of the linearized potential flow equation and a genetic-algorithm-based optimization process. Unitary reflection efficiency between desired ports of the circulators are demonstrated through full-wave numerical simulations, confirming nonreciprocal and robust circulation of the acoustic signal over a broad range of flow velocity magnitude and profile. Our design provides a feasible degree of tunability, including switching from reciprocal to nonreciprocal operation and reversing the handedness of the circulator, presenting a convenient but efficient approach for the realization of nonreciprocal acoustic devices from wavelength-thick metagratings. It may find applications in various scenarios including underwater communication, energy harvesting, and acoustic sensing.
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