Acoustic Measurements and Digital Image Processing Suggest a Link Between Sound Rituals and Sacred Sites in Northern Finland

Abstract

In northern Finland, near the canyon lakes of Julma-Olkky, Somerjarvi, and Rotkojarvi, steep rock cliffs produce distinctive acoustic spaces. On these cliffs, prehistoric rock paintings (5200 to 1000 BC) as well as an ancient Sami offering site (circa 1100 to present) can be found. Ethnographic sources describe that the Sami used to sing and listen to echoes while making offerings there. This article presents the results of an archaeoacoustic research project that seeks to explore the role of sound in the development and use of these archaeological sites. The innovative set of methods includes multichannel impulse response recording, angle-of-arrival estimation of early reflections, spectrum analysis, digital image processing, and 3D laser scanning. On the basis of the analyses, it is concluded that the cliffs that have been painted or held as sacred are efficient sound reflectors. They create discrete echoes and, accordingly, phantom sound sources. Especially at the Varikallio cliff near Lake Somerjarvi, the sound appears to emanate directly from the painted figures. These results, together with previously unnoticed drumming figures in the Varikallio painting, provide a clue to the significance of the sound rituals at these sacred sites.